What Is Intellectual Disability and How Is It Diagnosed?

Intellectual disability is a condition that affects a person’s ability to learn, reason, solve problems, and adapt to everyday life. It begins during childhood and continues into adulthood. This impacts both intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior.  

Understanding intellectual disability is essential for early medication and support. Here we’ll discuss what is an intellectual disability, how it differs from other developmental conditions, and how it is diagnosed.  

What is Intellectual Disability? 

Intellectual Disability is a neurodevelopmental disorder that originates before the age of 18. It is known for limiting both intellectual functions, such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, and adaptive behavior, like social and practical skills. 

However, people with this condition can learn and develop, but at a slower pace. They may require additional support throughout their lives. 

Levels of Intellectual Disability 

Different types of Intellectual disability are classified into four levels based on severity. 

• Mild: This is the most common type; individuals may live independently with some support. 

• Moderate: In this case, individuals may require substantial support, particularly with complex tasks.  

• Severe: Here, the individual requires continuous support even in daily activities. 

• Profound: In this stage, patients may have limited communication and require full-time care. 

Symptoms of Intellectual Disability 

There are two main areas affected by intellectual disability. Watch out for these intellectual disability symptoms: 

Intellectual Disability 

This refers to general mental capabilities like: 

• Learning and reasoning 

• Problem solving 

• Planning and decision making 

• Abstract thinking 

• Academic skills 

Adaptive Behaviour 

This includes a collection of skills needed to live independently and function safely and correctly in daily life.  

• Conceptual Skills: This includes language, literacy, money, time, and number concepts. 

• Social Skills: Interpersonal skills, social responsibility, self-esteem, and the ability to follow rules. 

• Practical Skills: Personal care, occupational skills, use of money, travel/transportation, schedule, and routine. 

Causes of Intellectual Disability 

There are many causes of intellectual disability. However, in many cases, the exact cause may never be identified. Here are some common causes. 

• Genetic Condition: Conditions such as Down Syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome, or other chromosomal abnormalities. 

• Prenatal Factors: These include using alcohol or drugs during pregnancy, malnutrition, infections, and exposure to toxins. 

• Birth Complications: Premature birth or oxygen deprivation during labor. 

• Childhood Illness or Injuries: Severe head trauma, infections like meningitis or encephalitis, and malnutrition can lead to intellectual disability.  

How Intellectual Disability is Diagnosed 

Diagnosing an intellectual disability is more than just observing behaviour or doing tests. It’s a complete process that includes multiple assessments and observations. 

Developmental History 

Here, a child’s developmental milestones, such as walking, talking, and social interaction, are reviewed. Delays in reaching milestones can be an early indicator of intellectual disability. 

Intellectual Functioning Assessment 

A formal intellectual test is used to assess intellectual functioning. Some commonly used tests include the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) and Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales. 

Adaptive Behaviour Assessment 

Adaptive Behaviour is verified using tools such as the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales and the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System (ABAS). 

Clinical Evaluation 

A pediatrician, psychologist, or psychiatrist conducts a comprehensive clinical test to rule out other causes. They also assess co-occurring conditions like autism or ADHD. 

Onset Before the Age of 18 

For the diagnosis of Intellectual disability, the limitations in functioning must begin before adulthood. 

Why Early Diagnosis Matters 

Early diagnosis of Intellectual Disability is important for individuals to receive appropriate support and intervention. Some benefits include: 

• You can get early intervention services such as speech, occupational, or behaviour therapy. 

• One can also get educational accommodation and customized educational plans. 

• Access to social services and community support. 

• When support begins early, you’ll find better outcomes in adulthood. 

If parents or caregivers suspect any developmental delay in children, they must speak with their doctors. Early evaluation leads to early access to help, resulting in better long-term progress. 

Conclusion 

Intellectual disability is a lifelong condition that affects learning and daily functioning. But with the right support, people can lead a meaningful life. Diagnosis involves a person’s adaptive skills, life history, and developmental path.  

The causes of intellectual disability vary; however, the purpose of diagnosis is to provide support, understanding, and a pathway to growth. By recognizing the signs early and working with professionals, families can ensure that individuals with this ailment have the tools they need to succeed.  

If you suspect a child or a loved one may have developmental challenges, consult the best paediatrician in Lucknow at Regency Healthcare for early guidance and care. 

Also Read: ADHD in Kids: Early Signs, Symptoms & When to Seek Help